ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

I. New words:
- Explores: Khám phá.
- Vocabulary: Từ vựng.
- Concepts related: Các khái niệm liên quan.
- Competencies: năng lực, khả năng.
- Enhance: Nâng cao.
- Ability: Có khả năng.
- Communicate: Giao tiếp.
- Peers: Đồng nghiệp.
- Multidisciplinary: Đa ngành, đa kỹ thuật.
- Health - care: Chăm sóc sức khỏe.
- Knowledge: Hiểu biết.
- Review: Ôn tập.
- Followed: Theo sau.
- Prosesses: Qui trình.
- Identify: Nhận diện, nhận định, nhận biết
- Failures: Thất bại.
- Assessment: Đánh giá.
- Acquisition: Thu được, giành được.
- Structure: Cấu trúc, Form: mẫu.
- Exposure: Bộc lộ, phơi bày.
- Practice: Thực hành.
- Interventions: Can thiệp
- Assistance: Hỗ trợ, challenged: Thách thức, crisis: Cơn.
   A review (ôn tập) of the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system for health professionals (chuyên gia) provides (cung cấp) the context (bối cảnh) in which the medical terminology, vocabulary, and grammar related (liên quan) to the system are introduced (giới thiệu) and applied (áp dụng) through practice exercises.
1. Reading selection 1.
          The Purpose (mục đích) of the Respiratory System
  The cell of the body require (yêu cầu, đòi hỏi) a continuous supply of oxygen (O2) to function properly (hoạt động đúng cách). As cells use oxygen, they release (phóng thích) the waste product of carbon dioxide (CO2), Which must be expelled (trục xuất, đuổi ra) from the body. The respiratory system is responsible (chịu trách nhiệm) for this gas exchange, from the external (bên ngoài) world outside (ở ngoài) the body to the inner (bên trong) world of the body in a never-ending cycle (chu kỳ).
2. Reading exercises.
  Being able to understand the general meaning of a reading passage (đoạn văn) is important (quan trọng) , as is the acquisition (thu được, đạt được) of new vocabulary.
A. Understanding the General meaning.
1. What is the General theme (chủ đề chung) or premise (tiền đề) of the short paragraph (đoạn văn ngắn) you have just read.
2. Is it healthy for the body to retain carbon dioxide?
B. Determining (xác định) meaning from context (văn cảnh).
To build vocabulary, study the words or terms used in the following exercise and, based (dựa trên) on the context of the sentence, explain (giải thích) their meaning.
1. When the two words waste (chất thải) and product (sản phẩm) are used together in a medical context they are referring (liên quan, đề cập đến) to what? CO2.
2. What does the words exchange mean in relation to (liên quan đến) the concept (khái niệm) of gas exchange?
3. Gas is exchanged from the internal world to the external one. In an anatomical context, what does this mean?
C. PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
Connect each part or structure of the system with its description (sự miêu tả).
1. Esophagus (thực quản) passage (qua) leading from mouth and throat (họng) to stomach.
2. Diaphragm (cơ hoành)-->creates (tạo nên, tạo ra) suction (hút, mút) in chest to draw (kéo) in air to lungs.
3. Trachea (khí quản)--->Passage leading from pharynx (hầu họng) to the lung.
4. Pharynx (họng)-->sends incoming air from nose and mouth to trachea.
5. Epiglottis (nắp thanh quản)-->guards (giữ) entrance (lối vào) to trachea and closes when swallowing (sự nuốt).
6. Larynx (thanh quản)-->Moves air being breathed in and out and makes voice sounds.
D. Sentence completion
Use a key word from the previous (trước) exercise to create a new sentence. Fill in the blanks.
1. Too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body can cause confusion (dẫn đến rối loạn), anxiety (lo lắng), and even unconsciousness (thậm chí bất tỉnh).
2. An excess (sự dư thừa) of Oxygen in the body can make a person feel very pleased (hài lòng), happy, and content (nội dung) for a short while (chốc lát).
3. Cell life depends on the health of the Respiratory system.
E. SPEAKING EXERCISE
 Many major substances (các chất chính) are harmful (có hại) to the respiratory system. These include indoor (trong nhà) air contaminants (chất làm ô nhiễm) such as environmental (môi trường) tobacco (thuốc lá) smoke, industrial (công nghiệp) chemicals such as dry cleaning fluids and paints, and biological (sinh học) compounds and allergens (chất gây dị ứng) as well as combustion (đốt) products (sản phẩm), such as exhaust from vehicles (khí thải từ xe).
II. READING SECLECTION 2.
 Read the following aloud or silently to yourself.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LUNG
  In the normal lung, air is inhaled (hít vào), or taken in (đưa vào), from outside the body. It passes through (đi qua) the trachea (khí quản) and into the bronchial (phế quản chính) tree (cây). From there it is dispersed (scattered)(từ đó nó được khuếch tán) into the bronchiole (tiểu phế quản) tubes. At the end of those tubes the air reaches (đạt tới,đến) the alveoli (phế nang) sacs (túi) in the lungs. The alveoli expand (open) to pull (kéo) fresh (trong sạch) air in and then contract (xẹp lại) to push (đẩy) used air out. There are capillaries (mao mạch) in the wall of each alveoli sac which relinquish (nhường, bỏ ra, nhả ra) carbon dioxide by exhalation (sự thở ra) and receive oxygen by inhalation. Inhalation are the process of respiration (hô hấp).
 Health-care professionals must be very specific in their understanding of anatomical terms. These exercises will help you gain that knowledge in English.
A. Understanding the general meaning.
Read the text again. Think about it. Do you understand it?
1. In which genre (thể loại) is this text written?
2. While (trong khi) the reading provides (cung cấp) information, it also describes a process. What is that process?
B. Recognizing Specifics (nhận diện cụ thể).
 Take moment now to review what you have just read. Use that information to label the parts of the lung.
1. Pharynx (họng)
2. Epiglottis (nắp thanh quản)
3. Sinuses (xoang)
4. Nasal cavity (khoang mũi, hốc mũi)
5. Nose (mũi)
6. Larynx (thanh quản)
7. Trachea (khí quản)
8. Bronchioles (tiểu phế quản)
9. Primary bronchus (phế quản chính)
10. Diaphragm (cơ hoành)
C. Building Vocabulary
1. Bronchial (adjective): Cuống phổi, phế quản.
- In context (văn cảnh, ngữ cảnh): 
a. The bronchial tree carries air from the trachea into the lungs.
b. Bronchial pneumonia can include blockage in the bronchi (phế quản) and bronchioles (tiểu phế quản).
- Meaning: The terms bronchial can best be described as meaning
  Having to do with the lungs; describing parts of the lung.
- Word expansion:
a. Bronchium is one of many small tubes in the lung designed for the passage of air. (noun,singular).
b. Bronchiectasis (chứng dãn phế quản): is a chronic (mãn tính) dilation (giãn nở) of the bronchial tubes. (noun)
c. The word for more than one brochium is bronchi. (noun)
d. Bronchitis (viêm phế quản) is an inflammation of the bronchi. (noun singular, noun plural)
2. Alveoli (phế nang) noun plural
- In context:
a. When the alveoli of the lung are congested (nghẽn) or bloked, gas exchange is impeded (trao đổi khí bị cản trở). 
b. The doctor suspects (nghi ngờ) the child may have an infection in the alveoli. That is why the child is not getting enough (nhận đủ) oxygen and seems irritable (kích thích, cáu kỉnh) and confused (bối rối, lẫn lộn).
- Meaning: The word alveoli means: Small sacs, cavities, or pits (ổ).
- Word expansion (mở rộng từ): 
a. The singular form of alveoli is alveolus (phế nang). (noun singular).
b. Aveolar lung disease can be the result of pneumonia (viêm phổi), emphysema (khí phế thũng), lupus, or tuberculosis (bệnh lao). (adjective)
3. Inhalation (hít vào) noun
- In context:
a. Inhalation of toxic fumes (khói độc) can cause brain damage (hủy hoại).
b. All public buildings (tất cả các tòa nhà công cộng) have air ducts (đường ống) for inhalation off fresh (sạch) air exchange.
- Meaning: Inhalation can best be described as inspiration = breathing.
- Word expansion:
a. Nurses are dealing (xử lý) with more and more (càng ngày càng) young patients who sniff (sự hít) inhalants (xông). (Noun plural)
b. Nasal inhalers (thuốc hít) are recommended (khuyến nghị) for sinus (xoang) congestion (tắc nghẽn). (noun)
c. If you inhale paint fumes, you might get high but you might also get severe brain damage. (verb)
4. Exhalation (noun): Thở ra.
- In context: 
a. The nurse must listen closely sometimes to hear if there is any exhalation of breath from the elderly (cao tuổi) patient.
b. Exhalation can be observed (quan sát) by placing (sự đặt) a small mirror close (gần) to the nostrils (lỗ mũi) and waiting for a vapor-like (giống như hơi nước) print to appear on the glass (kính).
- Meaning: The word exhalation can be defined (định nghĩa, xác định) as expression (biểu hiện, sự bóp) of air or breath from the inside to the outside.
- Word expansion:
a. When a person smokes marijuana (cần sa), they inhale and then hold (giữ) the smoke inside their lungs for a moment (chốc lát) or two before exhaling. (gerund: danh động từ "là hình thức động từ thêm -ing = hiện tại phân từ", used as noun)
b. Breathe in, breathe out, inhale, exhale (verb)
c. When I exhale on a cold day outdoors (ngoài trời), I can see my breath (verb, present tense)
5. Relinquishes (verb, present tense) = give up: Từ bỏ
- In context:
a. In the case of a national disaster (thảm họa), the local (địa phương) government (chính quyền) often relinquishes its control (điều khiển, kiểm soát) to federal (liên bang) government agencies (cơ quan).
b. After trauma or an extreme (cực) shock, the nervous system often relinquishes control over organs such as the bladder and the person urinates involuntarily (không tự chủ).
- Meaning:
a. In 2008. president Musharraf of Pakistan relinquishes his control over the army (quân đội) when he stepped down from the presidential office. (verb,past tense)
b. When the patient who is dying asks that his medical treatment stop, he is relinquishing his life. (verb, present continuous)
(Khi bệnh nhân sắp chết yêu cầu ngừng điều trị, anh ta sẽ từ bỏ cuộc sống của mình)
c. Pulmonary function will be relinquished if the patient is taken off  (lấy ra, thu được) the artificial (nhân tạo) respirator (máy hô hấp). (verb, future perfect)
- Word expansion:
a. Holistic (toàn diện) health care is comprised of the biological (sinh học), psychological (tâm lý học), sociological (xã hội học), spiritual (tinh thần), and environmental (môi trường) aspects (các khía cạnh) of the human experience (kinh nghiệm). (verb)
b. Canada is very large cuontry comprised of 10 provinces (tỉnh, địa phận, bang) and 3 territories (miền). (verb)